Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +44.33% | +56.48% | +51.06% | +44.18% | +37.32% | +44.82% | +43.65% | +44.82% | +42.90% |
| Operating margin | +33.71% | +45.89% | +40.56% | +32.85% | +30.83% | +35.24% | +34.97% | +35.78% | +33.77% |
| EBITDA margin | +45.85% | +68.74% | +57.37% | +42.87% | +60.93% | +53.52% | +54.53% | +53.18% | +55.08% |
| EBIT margin | +28.82% | +54.68% | +38.77% | +19.60% | +32.56% | +29.56% | +31.10% | +30.31% | +30.09% |
| Pre-tax margin | +23.68% | +51.77% | +34.82% | +15.76% | +31.29% | +26.85% | +26.61% | +27.52% | +27.30% |
| Net margin | +14.21% | +33.17% | +34.48% | +8.26% | +16.08% | +19.26% | +19.47% | +19.91% | +19.66% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +55.67% | +43.52% | +48.94% | +55.82% | +62.68% | +55.89% | +56.97% | +55.94% | +56.51% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +4.71% | +4.36% | +4.24% | +3.82% | +3.92% | +3.93% | +4.01% | +4.02% | +3.93% |
| Effective tax rate | +30.57% | +28.81% | -11.24% | +27.17% | +39.38% | +34.38% | +33.83% | +32.51% | +33.69% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | -158.30% | +273.16% | +77.35% | +12.64% | +20.48% | +30.18% | +31.90% | +32.42% | +30.88% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +8.53% | +27.95% | +18.73% | +4.15% | +7.55% | +9.47% | +10.04% | +10.23% | +9.72% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +39.06% | +72.96% | +37.33% | +25.54% | +23.28% | +28.53% | +29.05% | +29.79% | +27.50% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +16.47% | +52.75% | +31.74% | +6.42% | +12.14% | +15.59% | +16.17% | +16.58% | +16.01% |
| Asset turnover | +60.02% | +84.24% | +54.31% | +50.22% | +46.95% | +49.16% | +51.56% | +51.35% | +49.43% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | +14.21% | +33.17% | +34.48% | +8.26% | +16.08% | +19.26% | +19.47% | +19.91% | +19.66% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +60.02% | +84.24% | +54.31% | +50.22% | +46.95% | +49.16% | +51.56% | +51.35% | +49.43% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | -1855.37% | +977.47% | +413.00% | +304.78% | +271.28% | +318.75% | +317.81% | +316.99% | +317.73% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.60 | 0.84 | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.49 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 0.96 | 1.23 | 0.82 | 0.77 | 0.70 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 9.40 | 11.29 | 8.94 | 12.79 | 15.93 | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 5.73 | 7.55 | 5.14 | 4.97 | 8.40 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 6.08 | 6.25 | 6.16 | 4.44 | 6.42 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 63.72 | 48.32 | 70.98 | 73.43 | 43.46 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 38.84 | 32.34 | 40.81 | 28.54 | 22.91 | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 60.03 | 58.38 | 59.27 | 82.20 | 56.86 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 42.54 | 22.27 | 52.51 | 19.78 | 9.51 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 3.08 | 1.35 | 1.10 | 4.50 | 3.17 | 2.22 | 2.11 | 2.11 | 2.07 |
| FCF / Net income | 2.10 | 0.69 | 0.27 | 0.96 | 1.24 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.63 |
| FCF margin | +29.88% | +22.98% | +9.32% | +7.90% | +19.94% | +12.41% | +12.19% | +12.43% | +12.46% |
| OCF margin | +43.78% | +44.63% | +37.79% | +37.18% | +50.95% | +42.76% | +41.01% | +41.92% | +40.78% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +13.90% | +21.65% | +28.47% | +29.28% | +31.01% | +28.73% | +29.29% | +29.66% | +28.93% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.82 | 1.94 | 1.53 | 1.26 | 1.09 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 2.59 | 11.02 | 9.25 | 2.28 | 3.99 | 6.34 | 4.22 | 4.66 | 10.17 |
| EPS · basic | 2.60 | 11.07 | 9.27 | 2.28 | 3.99 | 6.43 | 4.24 | 4.68 | 10.22 |
| Book value / share | -1.91 | 4.04 | 11.94 | 18.02 | 19.51 | 16.90 | 14.10 | 14.25 | 17.20 |
| Tangible BV / share | -1.91 | 4.04 | 11.94 | 18.02 | 19.51 | 16.90 | 14.10 | 14.25 | 17.20 |
| Sales / share | 21.29 | 33.26 | 26.79 | 27.58 | 24.85 | 26.49 | 23.10 | 23.19 | 27.02 |
| Operating CF / share | 9.32 | 14.84 | 10.13 | 10.25 | 12.66 | 11.33 | 9.48 | 9.72 | 11.02 |
| Free cash flow / share | 6.36 | 7.64 | 2.50 | 2.18 | 4.96 | 3.29 | 2.82 | 2.88 | 3.37 |
| Dividends / share | 0.14 | 0.62 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 1.04 |
| Payout ratio | +4.58% | +5.63% | +10.79% | +43.91% | +25.10% | +19.79% | +19.41% | +19.30% | +19.57% |
| Retention ratio | +95.42% | +94.37% | +89.21% | +56.09% | +74.90% | +80.21% | +80.59% | +80.70% | +80.43% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +38.70% | -25.25% | +17.61% | -8.39% | +5.58% | -12.25% | +1.45% | +15.66% | +2.46% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +76.69% | -32.42% | +1.77% | -22.62% | +26.81% | -14.54% | +4.15% | +10.71% | +2.04% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +88.78% | -33.92% | -4.73% | -14.04% | +20.69% | -12.93% | +3.82% | +9.17% | +2.48% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +107.95% | -37.61% | -12.13% | +30.21% | -7.26% | -10.59% | -1.05% | +19.78% | +4.84% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +223.70% | -22.29% | -71.84% | +78.36% | +26.48% | -11.30% | +3.79% | +14.21% | +6.70% |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +163.19% | -46.99% | -40.56% | +52.20% | -4.15% | -7.67% | -1.12% | +14.84% | +3.02% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +325.48% | -16.06% | -75.35% | +75.00% | +58.79% | -33.39% | +10.31% | +118.52% | +18.65% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +325.77% | -16.26% | -75.40% | +75.00% | +61.06% | -34.03% | +10.38% | +118.43% | +18.66% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $7.61B | $5.62B | $5.3B | $6.16B | $4.81B | $5.62B | $4.9B | $4.92B | $5.74B |
| Net debt | $7.31B | $5.38B | $5.22B | $5.54B | $4.29B | $5.19B | $4.55B | $4.54B | $5.32B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 2.00 | 0.71 | 1.10 | 1.33 | 0.79 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.00 |
| Debt / equity | -10.61 | 4.18 | 1.44 | 0.97 | 0.69 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.93 |
| Debt / assets | +57.20% | +42.75% | +34.79% | +31.78% | +25.32% | +29.35% | +30.59% | +30.13% | +29.25% |
| Equity / assets | -5.39% | +10.23% | +24.21% | +32.81% | +36.86% | +31.37% | +31.47% | +31.55% | +31.47% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 8.76 | 23.64 | 14.35 | 11.01 | 48.10 | 17.93 | 17.91 | 17.61 | 18.30 |
| Operating income / interest | 6.44 | 15.78 | 10.15 | 8.44 | 24.34 | 11.81 | 11.48 | 11.85 | 11.22 |
| Interest expense | $418M | $322M | $331M | $379M | $113M | $281.05M | $251.66M | $253.26M | $291.95M |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.12 | 0.93 | 1.02 | 1.15 | 0.82 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.80 | 0.59 | 0.71 | 0.87 | 0.61 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.20 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $263M | -$208M | $58M | $449M | -$450M | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +3.29% | -1.88% | +0.70% | +4.61% | -5.04% | — | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).