Ratios & metrics
Profitability, returns on capital, growth, and credit — all derived from the historical income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow rows in our data warehouse.
Valuation multiples
Price- and EV-based multiples plus shareholder yields. Snapshot at each fiscal year-end from key_metrics (FMP).
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headline | |||||||||
| Market cap | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Enterprise value | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiples | |||||||||
| P / E | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| P / B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / EBITDA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / Sales | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EV / FCF | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yields | |||||||||
| Earnings yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Free cash flow yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dividend yield | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Profitability
Margin structure across the last 5 fiscal years
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margins | |||||||||
| Gross margin | +37.70% | +36.79% | +36.39% | +32.88% | +30.52% | +32.48% | +32.74% | +34.09% | +32.86% |
| Operating margin | +16.66% | +16.37% | +14.95% | +5.61% | +12.65% | +11.38% | +11.07% | +10.82% | +11.08% |
| EBITDA margin | +23.17% | +24.80% | +24.99% | +14.35% | +22.69% | +21.28% | +20.10% | +20.11% | +20.85% |
| EBIT margin | +15.67% | +17.16% | +17.39% | +5.42% | +12.65% | +11.65% | +11.80% | +12.10% | +12.01% |
| Pre-tax margin | +13.58% | +15.67% | +14.08% | +2.30% | -2.48% | +4.59% | +4.59% | +4.70% | +4.52% |
| Net margin | +11.04% | +12.23% | +11.49% | +0.25% | -3.59% | +2.64% | +2.69% | +2.75% | +2.68% |
| Cost structure | |||||||||
| Cost of revenue / sales | +62.30% | +63.21% | +63.61% | +67.12% | +69.48% | +68.16% | +68.40% | +67.23% | +64.78% |
| R&D intensity | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| SG&A intensity | +17.51% | +16.73% | +18.11% | +18.54% | +18.51% | +18.50% | +18.56% | +17.90% | +17.88% |
| Effective tax rate | +17.03% | +20.93% | +17.36% | +72.84% | — | +17.03% | +17.20% | +16.75% | +17.71% |
Returns on capital
ROE / ROA / ROC / ROIC over the relevant capital base, plus the 3-step DuPont decomposition of ROE.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns | |||||||||
| Return on equity (ROE) | +15.08% | +16.08% | +12.97% | +0.29% | -4.49% | +3.02% | +3.18% | +3.28% | +3.07% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | +5.57% | +6.40% | +5.79% | +0.14% | -2.02% | +1.41% | +1.44% | +1.49% | +1.45% |
| Return on capital (ROC) | +10.17% | +10.64% | +9.18% | +3.65% | +8.09% | +7.19% | +7.00% | +6.90% | +6.89% |
| Return on invested capital (ROIC) | +6.74% | +7.94% | +7.06% | +0.17% | +6.07% | +1.67% | +1.70% | +1.76% | +1.67% |
| Asset turnover | +50.40% | +52.30% | +50.39% | +53.80% | +56.27% | +53.61% | +53.44% | +54.26% | +53.92% |
| DuPont · ROE decomposition | |||||||||
| Net margin | +11.04% | +12.23% | +11.49% | +0.25% | -3.59% | +2.64% | +2.69% | +2.75% | +2.68% |
| Asset turnover (× revenue / assets) | +50.40% | +52.30% | +50.39% | +53.80% | +56.27% | +53.61% | +53.44% | +54.26% | +53.92% |
| Equity multiplier (× assets / equity) | +271.00% | +251.46% | +223.97% | +214.60% | +222.20% | +213.41% | +220.96% | +219.40% | +212.05% |
Activity & efficiency
Turnover ratios and days-outstanding — how efficiently the business converts assets and working capital into sales and cash.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover | |||||||||
| Asset turnover | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.54 |
| Fixed-asset turnover | 2.23 | 2.14 | 2.03 | 2.01 | 1.99 | — | — | — | — |
| Inventory turnover | 11.07 | 9.83 | 6.91 | 9.76 | 9.33 | — | — | — | — |
| Receivables turnover | 5.44 | 5.28 | 5.29 | 5.62 | 5.66 | — | — | — | — |
| Payables turnover | 11.13 | 12.21 | 15.55 | 19.37 | 18.75 | — | — | — | — |
| Days outstanding | |||||||||
| Days sales outstanding (DSO) | 67.06 | 69.07 | 68.98 | 64.97 | 64.44 | — | — | — | — |
| Days inventory outstanding (DIO) | 32.96 | 37.15 | 52.84 | 37.40 | 39.13 | — | — | — | — |
| Days payables outstanding (DPO) | 32.79 | 29.90 | 23.47 | 18.84 | 19.47 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash conversion cycle | 67.22 | 76.31 | 98.34 | 83.53 | 84.10 | — | — | — | — |
Cash flow quality
How well reported earnings translate into operating and free cash flow, plus reinvestment intensity.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating CF / Net income | 1.95 | 1.27 | 1.44 | 71.34 | -5.11 | 6.71 | 6.44 | 6.40 | 6.76 |
| FCF / Net income | 1.36 | 0.61 | 0.77 | 48.71 | -3.59 | 4.42 | 4.11 | 4.09 | 4.28 |
| FCF margin | +15.03% | +7.42% | +8.85% | +12.39% | +12.91% | +11.67% | +11.07% | +11.26% | +11.49% |
| OCF margin | +21.49% | +15.58% | +16.56% | +18.14% | +18.37% | +17.69% | +17.33% | +17.62% | +18.13% |
| CapEx / Revenue | +6.46% | +8.17% | +7.71% | +5.75% | +5.46% | +6.45% | +6.35% | +6.20% | +6.35% |
| CapEx / D&A | 0.86 | 1.07 | 1.01 | 0.64 | 0.54 | — | — | — | — |
| Stock-based comp / Revenue | +2.02% | +1.85% | +1.74% | +1.73% | +1.77% | — | — | — | — |
Per-share & shareholder yield
EPS, book value, sales, cash flow and dividends per share — plus payout / retention.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPS · diluted | 7.60 | 9.48 | 9.22 | 0.20 | -2.91 | 11.09 | 12.32 | 13.49 | 14.78 |
| EPS · basic | 7.77 | 9.57 | 9.27 | 0.20 | -2.91 | 11.22 | 12.27 | 13.71 | 14.99 |
| Book value / share | 50.40 | 58.94 | 71.12 | 67.95 | 64.79 | 68.33 | 66.71 | 70.01 | 75.40 |
| Tangible BV / share | -22.97 | -15.24 | -5.83 | -1.20 | 2.16 | 68.33 | 66.71 | 70.01 | 75.40 |
| Sales / share | 68.84 | 77.50 | 80.26 | 78.45 | 81.01 | 78.18 | 78.78 | 83.34 | 86.22 |
| Operating CF / share | 14.79 | 12.08 | 13.29 | 14.23 | 14.88 | 13.83 | 13.65 | 14.69 | 15.64 |
| Free cash flow / share | 10.35 | 5.75 | 7.10 | 9.72 | 10.46 | 9.13 | 8.72 | 9.39 | 9.90 |
| Dividends / share | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Payout ratio | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Retention ratio | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% | +100.00% |
Growth
Year-over-year change for headline P&L lines, plus through-cycle CAGR
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E | 8y CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top-line | ||||||||||
| Revenue · YoY | — | +12.31% | +3.86% | -1.92% | -0.85% | -4.17% | +1.81% | +4.42% | +3.91% | +2.31% |
| Gross profit · YoY | — | +9.59% | +2.73% | -11.36% | -7.98% | +1.97% | +2.64% | +8.70% | +0.18% | +0.57% |
| Profit | ||||||||||
| Operating income · YoY | — | +10.36% | -5.18% | -63.17% | +123.38% | -13.75% | -1.01% | +2.10% | +6.43% | -2.77% |
| EBITDA · YoY | — | +20.24% | +4.66% | -43.69% | +56.79% | -10.12% | -3.86% | +4.48% | +7.74% | +0.97% |
| Net income · YoY | — | +24.36% | -2.39% | -97.83% | -1501.75% | +170.34% | +3.82% | +6.83% | +1.21% | -14.28% |
| Operating | ||||||||||
| EBIT · YoY | — | +23.02% | +5.23% | -69.44% | +131.47% | -11.76% | +3.15% | +7.05% | +3.18% | -1.03% |
| R&D · YoY | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Per-share | ||||||||||
| EPS · diluted · YoY | — | +24.74% | -2.74% | -97.83% | -1555.00% | +481.23% | +11.09% | +9.49% | +9.52% | +8.67% |
| EPS · basic · YoY | — | +23.17% | -3.13% | -97.84% | -1555.00% | +485.54% | +9.33% | +11.80% | +9.29% | +8.56% |
Credit & leverage
Balance-sheet health + interest coverage + liquidity. Coverage ratios use period-end debt and trailing interest expense.
ActualEstimate
| In USD | FY 2021 | FY 2022 | FY 2023 | FY 2024 | FY 2025 | 2026E | 2027E | 2028E | 2029E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leverage | |||||||||
| Total debt | $3.21B | $3.1B | $3.07B | $2.72B | $3.07B | $2.73B | $2.88B | $2.98B | $3.12B |
| Net debt | $2.96B | $2.86B | $2.79B | $2.53B | $2.85B | $2.51B | $2.66B | $2.74B | $2.89B |
| Net debt / EBITDA | 3.61 | 2.90 | 2.70 | 4.35 | 3.13 | 3.07 | 3.37 | 3.34 | 3.26 |
| Debt / equity | 1.24 | 1.02 | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.95 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.84 |
| Debt / assets | +45.64% | +40.74% | +37.42% | +36.18% | +42.96% | +38.04% | +39.28% | +39.50% | +39.63% |
| Equity / assets | +36.90% | +39.77% | +44.65% | +46.60% | +45.00% | +46.86% | +45.26% | +45.58% | +47.16% |
| Coverage | |||||||||
| EBITDA / interest expense | 11.10 | 16.63 | 7.55 | 4.60 | 8.51 | 7.13 | 6.50 | 6.68 | 6.70 |
| Operating income / interest | 7.98 | 10.98 | 4.52 | 1.80 | 4.74 | 3.81 | 3.58 | 3.60 | 3.56 |
| Interest expense | $73.91M | $59.29M | $136.71M | $126.29M | $107.03M | $114.91M | $121.21M | $123.11M | $132.2M |
| Liquidity | |||||||||
| Current ratio | 1.23 | 1.32 | 1.52 | 1.41 | 1.29 | — | — | — | — |
| Quick ratio | 0.87 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.82 | — | — | — | — |
| Cash ratio | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.19 | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital | $240.91M | $347.45M | $553.58M | $408.97M | $326.73M | — | — | — | — |
| Working capital / revenue | +6.81% | +8.74% | +13.41% | +10.10% | +8.14% | — | — | — | — |
Methodology. ROE / ROA / ROC use period-end balance-sheet denominators (no average-of- period smoothing). ROIC = Operating Income × (1 − inferred effective tax rate) over invested capital, with the effective tax inferred from net-to-operating income when both are positive and a 25% default otherwise. Net debt / EBITDA, debt ratios, and interest-coverage ratios are calculated point-in-time at each fiscal year-end. TTM = trailing 4 quarters (income / cash flow summed, balance sheet = most-recent quarterly snapshot). Through-cycle CAGR in the Growth panel uses the geometric mean of first-to-last period growth across the window (positive values only).